Introduction: The expected values of hematologic and serum biochemical parameters in domestic animal species can be affected by breed, age, environment, and nutrition. Established breed-specific reference intervals (RI) are an important tool for monitoring the health of sheep. There is a lack of published data on biochemical RI for Sngsari sheep. Thus, the aims of this study were to establish RI for select of serum biochemical parameters for Sangsari sheep by reference value Advisor (RVA) method and provide information on the studied parameters for both sex of this breed in order to form a basis for clinical interpretation. Materials and Methods: Sixty healthy Sangsari sheep including 26 ewes and 34 rams (2– 4 years old) were chosen from the breeding station of Sangsari sheep among 150 sheep in Damghan, Semnan, Iran. The type of feeding, all the animals had free access to water and to good-quality alfalfa hay (90. 0 % DM, 15. 8 CP % DM, 50. 4NDF%DM, 31. 6ADF%DM, 5. 8 lignin% DM, and 2. 2 EE % DM). Concentrate (23 % oats, 36 % corn, 38 % barley, and 3%mineral and vitamin supplements) was provided once daily (200 g per animal per day). In the sampling day, breeder signed a subscription form and completed a primary questionnaire consisting of specific questions about past and current health status, sexual status, medications used, and familial and reproductive medical history. Complete physical examinations were performed by the same experienced veterinarian on each sheep. In order to reduce stress, blood samples were taken in the station with minimal changes in the usual schedule of the sheep. Blood samples (taken from the jugular vein) were collected in simple tubes in order to separate the serum (centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min) for biochemical analysis. Samples transported at +4 ° C to the laboratory department of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan, Iran. Biochemical parameters were measured by a autoanalyzer. These parameters included alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma glutamyletransferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total protein (TP) and albumin (Alb). For statistical analysis, data were analyzed by reference value Advisor and outliers were deleted if detected according to Tukey or Dixon. RIs, according to sample size, were determined using a robust method and following Box-Cox transformation of data. The data were normally distributed, and differences between sexes in biochemical parameters were analyzed using independent sample T test. A value of P<0. 05 was considered as significant. Results and Discussion: The RI of biochemical parameters obtained from adult healthy Sangsari sheep includes the following: ALP 49. 24-564. 84 u/l; GGT 24. 14-62. 23 u/l; AST 10. 86-338. 40 u/l; BUN 6. 91-26. 43 mg/dl; TP 5. 19-13. 95 gr/dl and Alb 0. 92-3. 63 gr/dl. Established RI of biochemical parameters for ewes and rams, respectively including: ALP 29. 98-702. 89 u/l; GGT 22. 41-54. 49 u/l; AST 1. 36-279. 89 u/l; BUN 5. 9526. 86 mg/dl; TP 5. 75-12. 83 gr/dl; Alb 0. 84-2. 77 gr/dl and ALP 106. 08-568. 55 u/l; GGT 20. 80-58. 30 u/l; AST 360. 12 u/l; BUN 8. 15-26. 04 mg/dl; TP 4. 66-15. 59 g/dl and Alb 0. 74-3. 77 g/dl. Interpretation of the biochemical results in different breeds of sheep, with regard to RI for each parameter, in conjunction with history, clinical findings and other paraclinical tests helps the clinician to reach a definitive diagnosis. A unique feature of Sangsari sheep is that they are highly adaptable with desert and mountain ranges with high tolerance of drought conditions. This breed is also relatively small size and light weight, and most studies have focused on genetic characteristics associated with this trait. In view of the characteristics mentioned above and considering the lack of reference range for biochemical parameters, it is necessary to determine reference intervals in Sangsari sheep. In order to establish a comprehensive reference interval in Sangsari sheep, a select biochemical parameters were evaluated in the present study. Almost most of the established RI for biochemical parameters in this study differed from previously published RI, so that the lower and upper limits of RI of theses parameters (with the exception of BUN) were lower and higher than the values previously reported. Differences between obtained RI for the Sangsari sheep and previously reported RI for other breeds may be attributed to variations in hormonal influences, hydration status, dietary differences, or adaptations to a desert environment, age, breed, season of study and analytic method. Conclusion: The obtained data provided reference interval for biochemical parameters in Sangsari sheep for the first time. Present study demonstrates significant differences in most of the biochemical parameters. reference intervals determined in this study provide a baseline for interpreting biochemical results in Sangsari sheep, and contribute to optimization of the management of this species.

Background & Aim: In cervical radiculopathies, C7 & C6 roots are the mos tcommon sites of involvement and to less signs like denervations & EMG finding in upper extremities than lower extremities radiculopathies. It seems that using of H. reflex of flexor carpiradialis in upper limbs the simple & possible early clue for evaluation & possible early clue for evaluation of cervical radiculopathies. Each electrodiagnostic center needs its own data & because there was no study in Iran till now. We decided to evaluate & standardize the H. reflex latency of flexor carpiradialis in our center. Materials & Methods: This study was done in 1380-1381 on random cases in urmia physical medicine & rehabilitation center of Imam Khomeini hospital who had no clinical sings & symptoms in upper extremities & neck area. 78 cases were studied with stimulation of median nerve at antecubital & recording from flexor carpi radials with standard method. Results: In this study on 78 cases H.Reflex was recorded in 90% of cases who were 23 men & 56 women with mean age of 35.6 years for males & 37.4 years for females whose H. Reflex was 16.5 m.s with standard deviation of 1.07 in males & 15.2 m.s with standard deviation of 0.7 in females. There was no significant difference between RT & LT side. The most correlation was between H. reflex latency & forearm length & then nerve condition velocity of median nerve in forearm. Conclusion: Using of these study data in cervical radiculopathy is so helpful & can be the introduction of resolving in evaluation of cervical radiculopathies & future studies.

Introduction. Defining reference values is a priority in medical research for any community. The importance may be stressed when we look to platelet indices in which a few researches were performed. Methods. Sampling was done on a non probability convenience basis to select 19993 persons during a 6 month period. Platelet indices were measured automatically using H-1 cell counter. Results. After analysing the data, 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles of platelet count were 145 and 356 (×103/mm3), of POW were 40.2 and 57.4, of PCT were 0.13 and 0.32, and of MPV was 7.4 and 10.7. For the first three variables the difference was significant between males and females. Discussion. The reference values of platelet indices in Iranians are different from international data, although it may be due to burden of disease in this population.

The Iranian society after 2 decades since the 1979 Islamic Revolution is witnessing a considerable change in its youths’ value system and value-priority agenda. This paper investigates college students’ value hierarchy and its relation to reference groups. The survey method has been applied and the statistical society is composed of undergraduate students attending the humanities schools at University of Tehran, Allameh Tabatabaei University, and Alzahra University. 377 students were selected and data were gathered by the questionnaire. The findings show that social values constitute the first proriorty of the students. Following by the economic and political values.

Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of 101 clinically healthy Iranian fat-tailed sheep according to their age (<1, 1-3, 3-5 and >5 years) and sex. Serum haptoglobin (Hp) was measured based upon the preservation of the peroxidase activity of haemoglobin, which is directly proportional to the amount of Hp. The reference value for serum Hp of apparently healthy Iranian fat-tailed sheep was 0.05-0.18 g/l. Age and sex had no significant effect on the serum concentration of Hp in examined animals.

BACKGROUND: The Schirmer tear test (STT) is widely used in both human and veterinary ophthalmology. Two types of STTs have been developed: STT I and STT II. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this research was to determine the reference value for measuring tear production of the Caspian horse by using the Schirmer tear test strip. METHODS: Twenty apparently healthy male and female Caspian horses, aged between 2 and 15 years old and weighing between 192± 32 Kg were selected. After physical examination and reviewing the horse's health history and assuring their health, the Schirmer tear test was performed. To produce a higher volume of tears in horses, compared to other animal species, we used the Schirmer tear strip (Schirmer‐ Eickemeyer® , Germany), for 30 seconds instead of one minute in the lower conjunctival sac. In this study, we investigated the effect of age and gender on tear production in the Caspian horse, as well as the comparison between the left and right eyes tear production. RESULTS: The study shows that the results of STT I in the study animals illustrated the mean± SD STT I value was 23. 38± 3. 6 mm/min (range, 15– 30 mm/30s). Based on the results of this study, the variants of age and gender had no significant effects on the STT1 results in the Caspian horses. No significant difference was noted between the amount of tear production in the left and right eyes. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the importance of rapid diagnosis of dry eye syndrome and preventing its subsequent disorders such as Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca, the results of this study can be used as the reference value in the future to measure the amount of moisture of caspian horses of the Caspian horse.

Background & Objective: In addition to pyramidal neurons and interneurons, the hippocampus contains Astrocytes that play important roles in regulating ion flux currents, energy production, neurotransmitter release and memory. Learning needs some instrument for information storage and information maintenances mechanisms resemble to memory. The aim of this study was determination of spatial memory effect on the number of astrocytes in rat’s hippocampus.Materials & Methods: In this experimental study, with usage of Morris Water Maze and reference memory technique, we used 10 male albino wistar rats. 5 rats were in control group and 5 rats in reference memory group. After histological preparation, the slides were stained with PTAH staining for showing the Astrocytes. Results: The findings of this study showed significant difference in astrocytes number in CA1, CA2 and CA3 area of hippocampus between control and reference memory group. The mean and SD of astrocytes in CA1, CA2 and CA3 of reference memory group were 118.57±25.29, 58.91±23.59 and 116.6±31.14, that they are more than control group with 49±17.29 in CA1, 48.8±25.21 in CA2 and 41.95±11.22 in CA3. Conclusion: We concluded that the number of astrocytes increased due to spatial learning (e.g. reference memory method).